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Holocene mean July temperature and winter precipitation in western Norvay inferred from palynological and glaciological lake-sediment proxies

Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 55, N-5007 Bergen, Norway anne.bjune{at}bio.uib.no

Jostein Bakke

Department of Geography, University of Bergen, Breiviksveien 40, N-5045 Bergen, Norway; Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 55, N-5007 Bergen, Norway

Atle Nesje

Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 55, N-5007 Bergen, Norway

H. J.B. Birks

Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 55, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK

Reconstructions of mean July temperature (T_jul) and winter precipitation (P_w) for the last 11/500 years on the Folgefonna peninsula are presented. T_jul was reconstructed using pollen-climate transfer functions and P_w was reconstructed based on the exponential relationship between mean solid winter precipitation and ablation-season temperature at the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) with a reconstructed former ELA, using T_jul as the proxy for ablation-season temperature. The reconstructions from the Folgefonna peninsula suggest that the early Holocene was relatively cool and dry until c. 8000 cal. yr BP, followed by a warm and humid mid-Holocene until c. 4000 cal. yr BP with inferred T_jul above 12°C and P_w reaching as high as 225% of the present day. Subsequent to c. 4000 cal. yr BP a reduction is seen in both inferred T_jul and P_w with large fluctuations during the last 500 years. In addition, new calculations of P_w from two glaciers (Hardangerjøkulen and Jostedalsbreen) in southern Norway are presented. The results show that P_w varied in phase at all glaciers, probably as a response to the same climate forcing factor. During the early Holocene a major shift is suggested between winds from the west and the east.

Key Words: Lake sediments • pollen • transfer functions • summer temperature • ELA • winter precipitation • Preboreal Oscillation • Folgefonna • Holocene

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