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Multi-proxy Holocene palaeoclimatic record from a saline lake in the Canadian Subarctic

Centre d'É tudes Nordiques, Paleolimnology-Paleoecology Laboratory, Département de Géographie, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada

John P. Smol

Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada

William M. Last

Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada

Peter R. Leavitt

Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada

Brian F. Cumming

Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada

Multi-proxy palaeolimnological analyses of a postglacial sedimentary sequence at a centennial-scale resolution from an athalassic saline lake in the Yukon were conducted to infer patterns of Holocene climatic change in the Canadian Subarctic, using sediment mineralogy and biostratigraphy (diatoms, pigments). Diatominferred quantitative estimates of palaeosalinity were obtained by use of transfer functions developed from a calibration set of 219 lakes from western North America. The sediment mineralogy and fossil pigments at the base of the core indicated a moderately deep non-stratified lake dominated by clastic influx, probably in a basin fed by glacial meltwater. The early-Holocene history (c. 11 000–8100 ¹⁴C yr BP) was characterized by a relatively deep mesosaline lake with diatom-inferred salinities approximating 20 g L^-1. The occurrence of both aragonite and dolomite, as well as elevated concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, support the interpretation of deepwater anoxia and possibly strong chemical stratification. High concentrations of the chemically stable b-carotene suggest that total algal abundance was particularly high during the early Holocene, when planktonic Cyclotella cf. choctawhatcheeana and Chaetoceros muelleri were the most common diatom taxa. Relatively fresh (2–15 g L^-1) eutrophic conditions prevailed during the mid-Holocene period (c. 8000– 2000 yr BP), with four periods of alternating fresh and saline conditions. The diatom-inferred salinity profile reveals significant fluctuations within these cycles, but overall they indicate humid climatic conditions compared to today. Algal abundance is inferred to have declined three-fold relative to the early Holocene, particularly in the case of eukaryotic algae (e.g., diatoms, cryptophytes, chlorophytes). The recent history of the lake (about 2000 years BP until the present day) was marked by important changes in ionic composition (e.g., occurrence of gypsum and Mg-carbonates) and hydrologic conditions. The lakewater composition during the last two millennia was characterized by hypersaline Mg-SO₄ brines. The palaeolimnological evidence from most proxies indicates a trend towards drier conditions during the past 2000 years. The various indicators reveal a complex history of frequent and rapid shifts in palaeosalinity and lake palaeoproductivity during the Holocene, and the effects of the Younger Dryas and ‘Little Ice Age’ episodes may be recorded in the palaeoclimate proxy data. The palaeoclimatic interpretation emerging from this high-latitude lake corroborates existing broad trends based on palynological studies in this region but provides evidence for more dynamic climatic change during the mid- and late Holocene.

Key Words: Saline lakes • palaeoclimate • palaeolimnology • diatoms • pigments • mineralogy • multi-proxy approach • Yukon • Subarctic • Holocene

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